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Charter of the Forest
The Charter of the Forest of 1217 (''Carta de Foresta'') is a charter originally sealed in England by the young King Henry III, acting under the regency of William Marshall, 1st Earl of Pembroke.〔"William Marshal earl of Pembroke, ruler of us and of our kingdom" is mentioned by name.〕 A companion document to the Magna Carta, redressing some applications of the Anglo-Norman Forest Law that had been extended and abused by William Rufus, the charter re-established rights of access to the royal forest for free men that had been eroded by the Conqueror and his heirs. Many of its provisions were in force for centuries afterwards.〔(Henry III's Charter of the Forest: facsimile and translation )〕
==History==
The Charter of the Forest was first issued on 6 November 1217〔Rothwell, Harry ''English Historical Documents 1189-1327'' (1995) p337〕 as a complementary charter to the Magna Carta from which it had evolved. It was reissued in 1225〔Rothwell, Harry ''English Historical Documents 1189-1327'' (1995) p347〕 with a number of minor changes to wording, and then was joined with Magna Carta in the Confirmation of Charters in 1297.〔Rothwell, Harry ''English Historical Documents 1189-1327'' (1995) p485〕
In contrast to Magna Carta, which dealt with the rights of barons, it provided some real rights, privileges and protections for the common man against the abuses of the encroaching aristocracy.
At a time when the royal forests were the most important potential source of fuel for cooking, heating and industries such as charcoal burning, and such hotly defended rights as pannage (pasture for their pigs), estover (collecting firewood), agistment (grazing), or turbary (cutting of turf for fuel),〔George C. Homans, ''English Villagers of the Thirteenth Century'', 1941.〕 this charter was almost unique in providing a degree of economic protection for free men, who also used the forest to forage for food and to graze their animals.
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